@article{1167,
  author = {Lei Zhou and Fengwei Zhang and Jidong Xiao and Kevin Leach and Westley Weimer and Xuhua Ding and Guojun Wang},
  title = {A Coprocessor-Based Introspection Framework Via Intel Management Engine},
  abstract = {During the past decade, virtualization-based (e.g., virtual machine introspection) and hardware-assisted approaches (e.g., x86 SMM and ARM TrustZone) have been used to defend against low-level malware such as rootkits. However, these approaches either require a large Trusted Computing Base (TCB) or they must share CPU time with the operating system, disrupting normal execution. In this article, we propose an introspection framework called Nighthawk that transparently checks system integrity and monitor the runtime state of target system. Nighthawk leverages the Intel Management Engine (IME), a co-processor that runs in isolation from the main CPU. By using the IME, our approach has a minimal TCB and incurs negligible overhead on the host system on a suite of indicative benchmarks. We use Nighthawk to introspect the system software and firmware of a host system at runtime. The experimental results show that Nighthawk can detect real-world attacks against the OS, hypervisors, and System Management Mode while mitigating several classes of evasive attacks. Additionally, Nighthawk can monitor the runtime state of host system against the suspicious applications running in target machine.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1920-1932},
  month = {07/2021},
  issn = {1941-0018},
  url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9397383},
  doi = {10.1109/TDSC.2021.3071092},
}